Please use separate sheets of paper and place your name on each sheet. Also, please organize your response BEFORE you write, write clearly, and identify each response option that you select. Balance your responses (keep track of TIME) and include as much information as possible, but be sure that it is accurate.

1. Please respond to ONE of the following three questions. Provide as much detail as possible (20 points):

   a. Compare and contrast the animal and plant kingdoms in terms of fundamental structural and interactive (energy transfer) factors. Include in your discussion a rationale for the facts that 1) the largest and oldest organisms are plants, and 2) plants could survive if animals were removed from the biosphere, but animals could not survive in the absence of plants.

    b. What is the relationship between heterosis and polyploidy? Include in your discussion possible selective advantages of polyploidy and a possible reason for the fact that polyploidy is more common in plants as compared to animals.

   c. Identify our local Cotton species and define its genomic constitution. Why does this genome present a problem to those concerned with the origin of agriculture and domesticated plants?

2. The following individuals have contributed to the study of plants and H. sapiens. Select three (3) names and provide a brief outline of their contributions within the context of material that we have covered to date. (15 points)

 J. O. Beasley, Edgar Anderson, Alphonse de Candolle, Carl Sauer, Jack Harlan, Nikolay Vavilov

 3. Please respond to ONE of the following three questions. Provide as much detail as possible (20 points):

   a. Where are the angiosperms placed within the classification system of the entire plant kingdom, i.e. what is their position in the taxonomic hierarchy? How do the flowering plants differ from their closest relatives, i.e., what makes them unique as a taxonomic group? Finally, describe the two major angiosperm groups in terms of distinctive characteristics.

   b. Where did agriculture originate and why did it start? Do we know when this happened and, if so, how do we know.

   c. Describe two plants that produce fiber taken from non-reproductive tissue. Include their point of origin, methods of processing, and uses of the fiber.

4. Select 5 of the following botanical terms and provide a brief definition. (25 Points)

 radicle, rhizome, agamospermy, zygomorphy, fruit, seed, rachis, comose, gynoecium, xylem, embryo sac, tuber, pericarp, pyrene

5. Please respond to ONE of the following three questions: (20 points)

   a.  Compare and contrast the terms 'wild', 'weed', 'cultivated', 'domesticated', and 'ethnoflora.' How do they help define and classify the complex array of plant-human relationships.

   b.  Compare and contrast the microspore and megaspore. Where are they produced on a typical angiosperm sporophyte, and what do they produce?

  c.  Select two fully domesticated food plants, one that produces an economically important product from reproductive tissue, the other from vegetative tissue. Briefly describe the life cycle of each, and define the point of human intervention (harvest).